shipping version

 

коммерческая версия
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

EN

• shipping version

navigation, sailing, shipping.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (arte) navigation

2 (tráfico) shipping

3 (viaje por mar) sea journey, voyage

\

instrumento de navegación instrument of navigation

navegación aérea air navigation, flying

navegación fluvial river navigation

* * *

* * *

SF (=arte) navigation; (=buques) ships pl, shipping; (=viaje) sea voyage

* * *

a) ( acción de navegar) navigation; ( tráfico) shipping

b) (arc) ( viaje) voyage

- navegación aérea

- navegación a vela

- navegación costera

- navegación espacial

- navegación fluvial

* * *

= navigation, navigation, sailing, piloting.

Ex. The function of the index is examined both technically and philosophically as a tool for navigation and spatial orientation in large textual data bases.

Ex. Satellite-based communication systems are being used for surveillance and navigation purposes.

Ex. Some people read Homer in the original, some build boats and read about sailing = Lo mismo que algunas personas leen a Homero en su versión original, otros construyen barcos y leen sobre navegación.

Ex. When the weather is as clear as a bell, finding a runway is easy, even with relatively little piloting experience.

----

* canal de navegación = shipping canal.

* carta de navegación = aeronautical chart, navigational chart.

* ciencias de la navegación = nautical science.

* diario de navegación = logbook [log book].

* herramienta de navegación = navigation tool.

* herramientas de navegación = navigation facilities.

* libro de navegación = book of navigation.

* mapa de navegación marítima = sea chart.

* navegación a vela = yachting, sailing.

* navegación costera = coastal navigation.

* navegación por el conocimiento = knowledge navigation.

* navegación por Internet = surfing.

* programa de navegación por las redes = network navigator.

* relativo a la navegación por un entorno gráfico = navigational.

* técnica de navegación = navigational technique.

* * *

a) ( acción de navegar) navigation; ( tráfico) shipping

b) (arc) ( viaje) voyage

- navegación aérea

- navegación a vela

- navegación costera

- navegación espacial

- navegación fluvial

* * *

* * *

1 (acción de navegar) navigation; (tráfico) shipping

2 (determinación del rumbo) navigation

3 ( arc) (viaje) voyage

( Inf) tb navegación por or en Internet or la Red or la web surfing the Internet o the Web, netsurfing

programa/software de navegación navigation program/software

(vuelo) flight; (determinación del rumbo) aerial navigation

una compañía de navegación aérea an airline

celestial navigation, astronavigation

sailing

(acción de navegar) coasting; (tráfico) coastal shipping; (determinación del rumbo) coastal navigation

navegación astronómica

coastal navigation

space travel

river navigation

inertial navigation

submarine o underwater navigation

* * *

◊ navegación aérea aerial navigation;

* * *

navegación nf

1. [en río, mar, aire] navigation

navegación de altura ocean navigation;

navegación de cabotaje coastal navigation;

navegación deportiva sailing;

navegación fluvial river navigation;

navegación marítima sea navigation;

navegación por satélite satellite navigation;

navegación a vela sailing

2. Informát [en página web] browsing;

una página de fácil navegación a page that is easy to navigate;

un programa de navegación por Internet an Internet browser

* * *

f navigation

* * *

navegación nf, pl - ciones : navigation

* * *

navegación n (en general) navigation

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Electricity, Land transport, Ports and shipping

[br]

[br]

[br]

Sperry was born into a farming community in Cortland County. He received a rudimentary education at the local school, but an interest in mechanical devices was aroused by the agricultural machinery he saw around him. His attendance at the Normal School in Cortland provided a useful theoretical background to his practical knowledge. He emerged in 1880 with an urge to pursue invention in electrical engineering, then a new and growing branch of technology. Within two years he was able to patent and demonstrate his arc lighting system, complete with its own generator, incorporating new methods of regulating its output. The Sperry Electric Light, Motor and Car Brake Company was set up to make and market the system, but it was difficult to keep pace with electric-lighting developments such as the incandescent lamp and alternating current, and the company ceased in 1887 and was replaced by the Sperry Electric Company, which itself was taken over by the General Electric Company.

In the 1890s Sperry made useful inventions in electric mining machinery and then in electric street-or tramcars, with his patent electric brake and control system. The patents for the brake were important enough to be bought by General Electric. From 1894 to 1900 he was manufacturing electric motor cars of his own design, and in 1900 he set up a laboratory in Washington, where he pursued various electrochemical processes.

In 1896 he began to work on the practical application of the principle of the gyroscope, where Sperry achieved his most notable inventions, the first of which was the gyrostabilizer for ships. The relatively narrow-hulled steamship rolled badly in heavy seas and in 1904 Ernst Otto Schuck, a German naval engineer, and Louis Brennan in England began experiments to correct this; their work stimulated Sperry to develop his own device. In 1908 he patented the active gyrostabilizer, which acted to correct a ship's roll as soon as it started. Three years later the US Navy agreed to try it on a destroyer, the USS Worden. The successful trials of the following year led to widespread adoption. Meanwhile, in 1910, Sperry set up the Sperry Gyroscope Company to extend the application to commercial shipping.

At the same time, Sperry was working to apply the gyroscope principle to the ship's compass. The magnetic compass had worked well in wooden ships, but iron hulls and electrical machinery confused it. The great powers' race to build up their navies instigated an urgent search for a solution. In Germany, Anschütz-Kämpfe (1872–1931) in 1903 tested a form of gyrocompass and was encouraged by the authorities to demonstrate the device on the German flagship, the Deutschland. Its success led Sperry to develop his own version: fortunately for him, the US Navy preferred a home-grown product to a German one and gave Sperry all the backing he needed. A successful trial on a destroyer led to widespread acceptance in the US Navy, and Sperry was soon receiving orders from the British Admiralty and the Russian Navy.

In the rapidly developing field of aeronautics, automatic stabilization was becoming an urgent need. In 1912 Sperry began work on a gyrostabilizer for aircraft. Two years later he was able to stage a spectacular demonstration of such a device at an air show near Paris.

Sperry continued research, development and promotion in military and aviation technology almost to the last. In 1926 he sold the Sperry Gyroscope Company to enable him to devote more time to invention.

[br]

1) General subject: conversion (одних единиц в другие), interpretation (устный), metaphrase (дословный), remittance, rendering, rending, transfer (акций), transferal, transference, translating, translation, translative, trot, version, diversion, fossil fuels (gthtdjl)

2) Military: (устный) interpretation, transfer (по службе)

3) Engineering: change (ремня), change-over, conversion (напр. единиц измерения), interconversion (из одной системы единиц в другую), shift, shunt, switch, switch-over, converting (тепловозов: Among other benefits, converting our railways to electric would save over 3 billion litres of diesel a year.)

4) Bookish: (дословный) metaphrase

5) Rare: rendition

6) Mathematics: bank transfer, waste

7) Railway term: operation (стрелки)

8) Law: assignment (долга), remittance (денег), transfer (из одного места заключения в другое), transference (денежных сумм и т.п.)

9) Economy: money remittance (денежный), reduction (в другие, более мелкие единицы), transferring

10) Accounting: reduction (в другую валюту), transfer (денег), transference (денежных сумм), virement (способ передачи обращающейся ценной бумаги, зачисленной на счёт)

11) Linguistics: interpreting

12) Finances: remittance lead

13) Automobile industry: transformation (напр. одних мер в другие)

14) Diplomatic term: conversion (в другие единицы), remittance (денег, прибылей, капитала)

15) Metallurgy: recalculation (из одних технических единиц в другие)

16) Polygraphy: laying (пигментной копии), transferal (напр. рисунка), transference (напр. рисунка)

17) Jargon: hobby, bohn

18) Oil: recalculation, shift (ремня)

19) Astronautics: mechanical translation

20) Cartography: rendition (изображения)

21) Silicates: reversal (направления пламени)

22) Metrology: conversion (из одной системы единиц в другую)

23) Taxes: remittance( of funds) (средств)

24) Patents: adaptation, remittance (тж. денежный)

25) Business: tran card (сокращение)

26) Drilling: change over (напр. ремня), shifting

27) EBRD: conversion, remittance (пересылка денег), transfer

28) Automation: changeover (напр. ремня), shipping (ремня)

29) leg.N.P. transfer (from one position or office to another)

30) General subject: conversion (FC; из одной системы в другую)

31) Makarov: change-over (с одного процесса на другой, с одного режима на другой и т.п.), conversion (одних величин, единиц измерений и т. п. в другие), interconversion (напр. из одной системы счисления в другую), shift (в телеграфии), shift (с одного процесса на другой, с одного режима на другой и т.п.), transfer (напр. изображения с магнитной ленты на киноплёнку), transfer (напр. рисунка, изображения), transferring (напр. рисунка), transit (напр. в другое состояние), version (слова, текста)

32) Organized crime: transfer of property (имущества)

SUBJECT AREA: Horology, Ports and shipping

[br]

[br]

[br]

John Harrison was the son of a carpenter and was brought up to that trade. He was largely self-taught and learned mechanics from a copy of Nicholas Saunderson's lectures that had been lent to him. With the assistance of his younger brother, James, he built a series of unconventional clocks, mainly of wood. He was always concerned to reduce friction, without using oil, and this influenced the design of his "grasshopper" escapement. He also invented the "gridiron" compensation pendulum, which depended on the differential expansion of brass and steel. The excellent performance of his regulator clocks, which incorporated these devices, convinced him that they could also be used in a sea dock to compete for the longitude prize. In 1714 the Government had offered a prize of £20,000 for a method of determining longitude at sea to within half a degree after a voyage to the West Indies. In theory the longitude could be found by carrying an accurate timepiece that would indicate the time at a known longitude, but the requirements of the Act were very exacting. The timepiece would have to have a cumulative error of no more than two minutes after a voyage lasting six weeks.

In 1730 Harrison went to London with his proposal for a sea clock, supported by examples of his grasshopper escapement and his gridiron pendulum. His proposal received sufficient encouragement and financial support, from George Graham and others, to enable him to return to Barrow and construct his first sea clock, which he completed five years later. This was a large and complicated machine that was made out of brass but retained the wooden wheelwork and the grasshopper escapement of the regulator clocks. The two balances were interlinked to counteract the rolling of the vessel and were controlled by helical springs operating in tension. It was the first timepiece with a balance to have temperature compensation. The effect of temperature change on the timekeeping of a balance is more pronounced than it is for a pendulum, as two effects are involved: the change in the size of the balance; and the change in the elasticity of the balance spring. Harrison compensated for both effects by using a gridiron arrangement to alter the tension in the springs. This timekeeper performed creditably when it was tested on a voyage to Lisbon, and the Board of Longitude agreed to finance improved models. Harrison's second timekeeper dispensed with the use of wood and had the added refinement of a remontoire, but even before it was tested he had embarked on a third machine. The balance of this machine was controlled by a spiral spring whose effective length was altered by a bimetallic strip to compensate for changes in temperature. In 1753 Harrison commissioned a London watchmaker, John Jefferys, to make a watch for his own personal use, with a similar form of temperature compensation and a modified verge escapement that was intended to compensate for the lack of isochronism of the balance spring. The time-keeping of this watch was surprisingly good and Harrison proceeded to build a larger and more sophisticated version, with a remontoire. This timekeeper was completed in 1759 and its performance was so remarkable that Harrison decided to enter it for the longitude prize in place of his third machine. It was tested on two voyages to the West Indies and on both occasions it met the requirements of the Act, but the Board of Longitude withheld half the prize money until they had proof that the timekeeper could be duplicated. Copies were made by Harrison and by Larcum Kendall, but the Board still continued to prevaricate and Harrison received the full amount of the prize in 1773 only after George III had intervened on his behalf.

Although Harrison had shown that it was possible to construct a timepiece of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea, his solution was too complex and costly to be produced in quantity. It had, for example, taken Larcum Kendall two years to produce his copy of Harrison's fourth timekeeper, but Harrison had overcome the psychological barrier and opened the door for others to produce chronometers in quantity at an affordable price. This was achieved before the end of the century by Arnold and Earnshaw, but they used an entirely different design that owed more to Le Roy than it did to Harrison and which only retained Harrison's maintaining power.

[br]

See also: Burgi, Jost; Huygens, Christiaan